CARIFORUM and UK EPA Study

suggests that services involving the movement of people and the production and movement of goods were the chief reasons for consumption abroad activities occurring within the UK.

Conversely, while the value of Mode 2 exports dominated that of Mode 4 in 2019, the temporary entry of UK natural persons into overseas markets to supply services was observed across almost twice as many sectors than for Mode 2. This involved the export of services via Mode 4 in 9 out of the 13 sectors that were reviewed, and the movement of services providers was in most demand for the Government, Construction and Personal, Cultural and Recreational services activities. These were followed by Intellectual Property services and Telecommunications, Computer and Information services, which rounded out the top five (5). The data, therefore, confirms that skills and intellectual/expertise based activities or those that require some form of arms length trade or person-to-person contact are naturally more dependent upon the movement of natural persons as the main mode of supply. Therefore, the sectoral analysis of the UK’s exports by Mode of Supply and its opportunities for global expansion, based on available experimental data for 2019, suggests that the UK enjoys some comparative strength in the supply of services via the establishment of foreign affiliates abroad (Mode 3), relative to other modes of supply, while e-commerce (Mode 1) was the more preferred mode when compared to either the movement of consumers (Mode 2) or services providers (Mode 4) across borders, with the latter. offering more avenues for the export of the UK’s services abroad, than did Mode 2. Importantly, however, though only two sectors (i.e., Maintenance and Repair and Other Business services) allowed for the complete fungibility of supply across all four modes, the strong presence of both Modes 1 and 3 export channels across the majority of export sectors suggests that it is quite feasible for UK exporters to continuously shift their services export activities between any one of these two Modes of supply, depending on their preferred business model, emerging market trends or external developments. The complete absence of Mode 3 supply from Manufacturing and Government services and Mode 1 from Travel and Distribution services further suggests that

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